The Lost Honor Killing For False Honor Criminology Essay

The Lost Honor Killing For False Honor Criminology Essay An honor killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief of the perpetrators that the victim has brought dishonor upon the family or community. Honor killings are directed mostly against women and girls, but have been extended to men. Qays bin Asim, ancient leader of Banu Tamim is credited by some historians as the first to kill children on the basis of honor. It is recorded that he murdered all of his daughters to prevent them from ever causing him any kind of dishonor. The perceived dishonor is normally the result of one of the following behaviors, or the suspicion of such behaviors: dressing in a manner unacceptable to the family or community, wanting to terminate or prevent an arranged marriage or desiring to marry by own choice, especially if to a member of a social group deemed inappropriate, engaging in heterosexual acts outside marriage and engaging in homosexual acts. Human Rights Watch defines honor killings as follows: Honor killings are acts of vengeance, usually death, committed by male family members against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by (individuals within) her family for a variety of reasons, including: refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce-even from an abusive husband-or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that dishonors her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life. Men can also be the victims of honor killings by members of the family of a woman with whom they are perceived to have an inappropriate relationship. The loose term honor killing applies to killing of both males and females in cultures that practice it. Some women who bridge social divides, publicly engage other communities, or adopt some of the customs or the religion of an outside group may be attacked. In countries that receive immigration, some otherwise low-status immigrant men and boys have asserted their dominant patriarchal status by inflicting honor killings on women family members who have participated in public life, for example in feminist and integration politics. Honor killing in India Terming love marriage as honor killing for families is a primitive thought. Even we talk about culture and tradition, then also just pick up the epic and you find that then also alliances happened only as love marriages. People here are just running after fake and rotten concepts, which actually have no meaning and gravity. Recently, there has been a spate of honor killings in the country and this has led the government to decide what laws should be put in place to stop this heinous crime. More than 1,000 young people in India have been done to death every year owing to Honor Killings linked to forced marriages and the country needs to introduce stringent legislation to deal firmly with these heinous crimes. Supreme Court has said the government must explain what it is doing to prevent honor killings. Taking note of the rise in honor crimes, the Supreme Court demanded responses from the federal government and state governments of Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Honor killing is the murder of any family member or social group member by other people due to the belief of perpetrators who feel that the murdered persons actions have brought dishonor upon the family or group. The loose term honor killing applies to killing of both males and fem ales in cultures that practice it. The most watched scenes of honor killing in our country are reflecting that this is a death that is awarded to a man or woman of the family for marrying against the parents wishes, having extramarital and premarital relationships, marrying within the same gotra (Brahmins use gotra for deciding marriages) or outside ones caste or marrying a cousin from a different caste. In fact we have had a tradition of honor killing. This tradition was first viewed in its most horrible form during the Partition of the country in between the years 1947 and 1950 when many women were forcefully killed so that family honor could be preserved. During the Partition, there were a lot of forced marriages which were causing women from India to marry men from Pakistan and vice-versa. And then there was a search to hunt down these women who were forced to marry a person from another country and another religion and when they returned home they were killed so that the family honor could be preserved and they w ere not declared social outcastes from their region. At that time, the influence of religion and social control was much greater and hence there were at least a couple of honor killings a day, if not more. The partition years can be seen to be the beginning of the tradition of honor killing on a large scale. The misconception about honor killing is that this is a practice that is limited to the rural areas. The truth is that it is spread over such a large geographical area that we cannot isolate honor killings to rural areas only, though one has to admit that majority of the killings take place in the rural areas. But it has also been seen recently that even the metropolitan cities like Delhi and Tamil Nadu are not safe from this crime because 5 honor killings were reported from Delhi and in Tamil Nadu; a daughter and son in law were killed due to marriage into the same gotra. The second misconception regarding honor killing is that it has religious roots. Even if a woman commits adultery, there have to be four male witnesses with good behavior and reputation to validate the charge. Furthermore only the State can carry out judicial punishments, but never an individual vigilante. So, we can clearly see that there is no religious backing or religious roots for this heinous crime. Reasons of honor killing Sociologists believe that the reason why honor killings continue to take place is because of the continued rigidity of the caste system. The fear of losing their caste status through which they gain many benefits makes them commit this heinous crime. The other reason why honor killings are taking place is because the mentality of people has not changed and they just cannot accept that marriages can take place in the same gotra or outside ones caste. The root of the cause for the increase in the number of honor killings is because the formal governance has not been able to reach the rural areas and as a result. Thus, this practice continues though it should have been removed by now. Honor killing in different states of India and communities Honor killings have been reported in northern regions of India, mainly in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, as a result of people marrying without their familys acceptance, and sometimes for marrying outside their caste or religion. In contrast, honor killings are rare to non-existent in South India and the western Indian states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. In some other parts of India, notably West Bengal, honor killings ceased about a century ago, largely due to the activism and influence of reformists such as Vivekananda, Ramakrishna, Vidyasagar and Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Among Rajputs, marriages with members of other castes can provoke the killing of the married couple and immediate family members. This form of honor killing is attributed to Rajput culture and traditional views on the perceived purity of a lineage. The Indian state of Punjab has a large number of honor killings. According to data compiled by the Punjab Police, 34 honor killings were reported in the state between 2008 and 2010: 10 in 2008, 20 in 2009, and four in 2010. Haryana and Uttarakhand are also notorious for incidents of honor killing, mainly in the upper caste of society, among rajputs and jaats. Bhagalpur in the eastern Indian state of Bihar has also been notorious for honor killings. Recent cases include a 16-year-old girl, Imrana, from Bhojpur who was set on fire inside her house in a case of what the police called moral vigilantism. The victim had screamed for help for about 20 minutes before neighbours arrived, only to find her smouldering body. She was admitted to a local hospital, where she later died from her injuries. In May 2008, Jayvirsingh Bhadodiya shot his daughter Vandana Bhadodiya and struck her on the head with an axe. In June 2010 some incidents were reported even from Delhi. In a landmark judgment in March 2010, Karnal district court ordered the execution of five perpetrators of an honor killing in Kaithal, and imprisoning for life the khap (local caste-based council) chief who ordered the killings of Manoj Banwala (23) and Babli (19), a man and woman of the same clan who eloped and married in June 2007. Despite having been given police protection on court orders, they were kidnapped; their mutilated bodies were found a week later in an irrigation canal. Fight against honor crimes: A tale of five girls Mukesh Malik 28 Mukesh became eyesore of her family members when in 2006 she told about her wish for inter-caste marriage.I was jailed in my own house for three months, she said.According to Mukesh, her parents did not like her idea for an inter-caste marriage. Then, they started looking a boy of their choice for me but I preferred to leave the village, she added. A degree holder in mass communication, Mukesh joined a vernacular for her livelihood. Though, after some time she left the job and started working for a woman organization, AIDWA. On March 29, 2011, she finally married a journalist, who is not from her catse. Seema 25 Seemas brother Manoj alongwith his wife Babli were killed for marrying in the same gotra. A constable in Haryana police, Seema alongwith her mother is fighting for justice in the courts against the killers. They are pitted against khap panchayats across the region and the political establishment. She is living under police protection. Monika, 20 Monika, a graduation student of a Sonipat college, was reportedly married to Gaurav Saini of Delhi in 2009. In the documentary, Gaurav tells about Monicas struggle to lead an independent life and the subsequent problems their marriage faced since they belonged to different castes. Anjali Chahal, 24 Anjali sees education as a way to break out of the arranged marriage and domestic life her family wants for her. Her M.Phil thesis, on honour crimes, is her answer to the voice of tradition. Despite the proliferating educational standards and economic prosperity, the society and I say the civil society including the niche, where I come from, justify the killings in the name of so-called honor. My hunch is to unravel the underlying reasons and desires of the aggressiveness of this particular community in Haryana. Geetika, 20 Geetika, a student of Delhi University, directs a street play on honour crimes. She approaches the play keeping in mind her own need to question the belief systems she was heir to. Legal Terming the practice of khap panchayats of handing down punishment to couples who go for sagotra or inter-caste marriage as flagrant violation of the law, the Law Commission came up with a draft legislation which seeks to make such acts a non-bailable offence. The Home Ministry had made proposal to amend Sec 300 of the IPC to define honour killing as separate crime. Out of 28 states, 18 have responded with Haryana opposing any such move and states like UP, Delhi and Rajasthan supporting the idea. On 5  August 2010, in a Parliament session, Chidambaram proposed a bill that included public stripping of women and externment of young couples from villages and any act which is humiliating will be punished with severity' There is also a proposal to amend the Evidence Act, Code of Criminal Procedure and the Special Marriage Act to check the menace of honour killing through a draft bill The Indian Penal Code and Certain Other Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010, government sources told PTI. The law commission of India has said there is no need to alter the definition of murder under Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) to deal with honour killings. The commission is prima facie of the view that there is no need for introducing a provision in Section 300 IPC in order to bring the so-called honour killings within the ambit of this provision, the panel said in a consultation paper. The motive behind killing a person does not furnish real justification to introduce a separate provision in Section 300. Probably, the addition of such a clause may create confusion and interpretational difficulties, The panel was particularly concerned in view of the reported proposal to shift the onus of proof in such cases from the prosecution to the defence i.e. the accused. This means the accused would be deemed guilty until he is able to prove his innocence during trial. The panel, however, agreed that there was a need to deal with the problem. In what could preempt such offences, the panel suggested that unlawful assembly of people for taking action in case of marriages against the mandate of the society should be made an offence punishable under law. In June 2010, scrutinizing the increasing number of honor killings, the Supreme Court of India issued notices to the Central Government and six states including Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan to take preventive measures against honor killings. Alarmed by the rise of honor killings, the Government planned to bring a bill in the Monsoon Session of Parliament July 2010 to provide for deterrent punishment for honor killings International aspect of honor killing Its worth mentioning here that Honor Killing is not specifically related to India only. This is a practice that continues to be prevailing in North and South America, Africa, Turkey and many other countries. But the thing that has to be kept in mind is that the number of incidents relating to this crime is very low and there is a very strict punishment for committing this crime in other countries. Many womens groups in the Middle East and Southwest Asia suspect that more than 20,000 women are killed each year. Changing cultural and economic status of women has also been used to explain the occurrences of honor killings. Women in largely patriarchal cultures who have gained economic independence from their families go against their male-dominated culture. Some researchers argue that the shift towards greater responsibility for women and less for their fathers may cause their male family members to act in oppressive and sometimes violent manners in order to regain authority. This change of culture can also be seen to have an effect in Western cultures such as Britain where honor killings often arise from women seeking greater independence and adopting seemingly Western values. For women who trace their ancestry back to the Middle East or South Asia, wearing clothes that are considered Western, having a boyfriend, or refusing to accept an arranged marriage are all offenses that can and have led to an honor killing. Countries where the law is interpreted to allow men to kill female relatives in a premeditated effort as well as for crimes of passions, in flagrante delicto in the act of committing adultery, include: Haiti: Article 269 of the penal code states in the case of adultery as provided for in Article 284, the murder by a husband of his wife and/or her partner, immediately upon discovering them in flagrante delicto in the conjugal abode, is to be pardoned. Jordan: Part of article 340 of the Penal Code states that he who discovers his wife or one of his female relatives committing adultery and kills, wounds, or injures one of them, is exempted from any penalty. This has twice been put forward for cancellation by the government, but was retained by the Lower House of the Parliament, in 2003: a year in which at least seven honor killings took place. Article 98 of the Penal Code is often cited alongside Article 340 in cases of honor killings. Article 98 stipulates that a reduced sentence is applied to a person who kills another person in a fit of fury'. Countries that allow men to kill female relatives in flagrante delicto (but without premeditation) include: Syria: In 2009, Article 548 of the Syrian Law code was amended. Beforehand, the article waived any punishment for males who committed murder on a female family member for inappropriate sex acts. Article 548 states that He who catches his wife or one of his ascendants, descendants or sister committing adultery (flagrante delicto) or illegitimate sexual acts with another and he killed or injured one or both of them benefits from a reduced penalty, that should not be less than 2 years in prison in case of a killing. Article 192 states that a judge may opt for reduced punishments (such as short-term imprisonment) if the killing was done with an honorable intent. In addition to this, Article 242 says that a judge may reduce a sentence for murders that were done in rage and caused by an illegal act committed by the victim. Countries that allow husbands to kill only their wives in flagrante delicto (based upon the Napoleonic code) include: Morocco: Revisions to Moroccos criminal code in 2003 helped improve womens legal status by eliminating unequal sentencing in adultery cases. Article 418 of the penal code granted extenuating circumstances to a husband who kills, injures, or beats his wife and/or her partner, when catching them in flagrante delicto while committing adultery. While this article has not been repealed, the penalty for committing this crime is at least now the same for both genders. In two Latin American countries, similar laws were struck down over the past two decades: according to human rights lawyer Julie Mertus in Brazil, until 1991 wife killings were considered to be non-criminal honor killings; in just one year, nearly eight hundred husbands killed their wives. Similarly, in Colombia, until 1980, a husband legally could kill his wife for committing adultery. Countries where honor killing is not legal but is known to occur include: Italy: Article 133 and 62 of the Italian Penal Code offer the possibility of reduced sentencing and punishment for crimes that occur within the offenders cultural norms. In the case of honor killings and other honor related crimes, these articles could possibly allow for honor killing offenders to justify the murder with claims that the killing was done because of cultural traditions. Italian Parliament member, Souad Sbai, suggested in 2010 that Italy amend these articles so that honor killings do not have extra protection under Italian law. Turkey: In Turkey, persons found guilty of this crime are sentenced to life in prison. There are well documented cases, where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing. The most recent was on January 13, 2009, where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of the same Kurdish family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas, 16, who got pregnant as a result of rape. Pakistan: Honor killings are known as karo kari. The practice is supposed to be prosecuted under ordinary killing, but in practice police and prosecutors often ignore it. Often a man must simply claim the killing was for his honor and he will go free. Nilofar Bakhtiar, advisor to Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, stated that in 2003, as many as 1,261 women were killed in honor killings. The Hudood Ordinances of Pakistan, enacted in 1979 by then ruler General Zia-ul-Haq, created laws that realigned Pakistani rule with Islamic law. The law had the effect of reducing the legal protections for women, especially regarding sex outside of the marriage. Women who made accusations of rape, after this law, were required to provide four male witnesses. If unable to do this, the alleged rape could not be prosecuted in the courts. Because the woman had admitted to sex outside of marriage, however, she could be punished for having sex outside of the marriage, a punishment that ranged from stoning to pu blic lashing. This law made it that much more risky for women to come forward with accusations of rape. In 2006, the Womens Protection Bill amended these Hudood Ordinances by removing four male witnesses as a requirement for rape allegations. On December 8, 2004, under international and domestic pressure, Pakistan enacted a law that made honor killings punishable by a prison term of seven years, or by the death penalty in the most extreme cases. Womens rights organizations were, however, wary of this law as it stops short of outlawing the practice of allowing killers to buy their freedom by paying compensation to the victims relatives. Womens rights groups claimed that in most cases it is the victims immediate relatives who are the killers, so inherently the new law is just whitewash. It did not alter the provisions whereby the accused could negotiate pardon with the victims family under the Islamic provisions. In March 2005 the Pakistani parliament rejected a bill which sought to s trengthen the law against the practice of honor killing. However, the bill was brought up again, and in November 2006, it passed. It is doubtful whether or not the law would actually help women. Egypt: A number of studies on honor crimes by The Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, includes one which reports on Egypts legal system, noting a gender bias in favor of men in general, and notably article 17 of the Penal Code: judicial discretion to allow reduced punishment in certain circumstance, often used in honor killings case. Conclusion What can we do to prevent such a thing from happening? Firstly, the mentality of the people has to change. And when we say that the mentality has to change, we mean to say that parents should accept their childrens wishes regarding marriage as it is they who have to lead a life with their life partners and if they are not satisfied with their life partner then they will lead a horrible married life which might even end in suicide. Parents might be right sometimes but killing own children in the name of honor doesnt leads to honor instead give birth to another crime. I would like to quote an example that if one cow is black in color, the other is brown, this one is white, another is black and whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦yet the milk from all of them is white in color. All are different paths to one destination. We live in a Universe and not Multi-verse. The man god created was not supposed to be divided and the discrimination in any form is the lowest understanding of life. Secondly, we need to have stricter laws to tackle these kinds of killings as this is a crime which cannot be pardoned because Humans do not have the right to write down death sentences of innocent fellow humans. Its alarming time and the need is toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Stir our soul, arouse our mind, the truth is awakening. Is there any justification? Does our Hindu Religion support such brutal acts? Well, who cares for the Dharma! Honor killing is related more too social clout and less to the religion. What is the Indian government doing then? It is yet to get acquainted with the changing reality! Even if it becomes, nothing is going to happen. The government structure remains vulnerable to the whims of power and muscles. Whats the solution then? Honor killing is going to be in full swing. At last I would like to pray, Into that HEAVEN OF FREEDOM, my FATHER, let my country awakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

Report on importance of Personal Development Plans

â€Å" A structured and supported procedure undertaken by an single to reflect upon their ain acquisition, public presentation and/or accomplishment and to be after for their personal, educational and calling development Planning is the span between where we are and where we would be. Kountz and OdonnelMeaning: –Personal development program intending refers to the action that improves the self-knowledge and puting up the ends and aims in instruction, calling and personal development. Through be aftering you can put short term average term and long term aims to make the end of life. Planning is the contemplation of yesteryear for illustration: – If you were good in yesteryear you have to better than that in future. It is bridging the spread to make the finish.Importance of Personal Development PlanIMPORTANCE OF HAVING A PLAN-If we want to accomplish any set of mark we need program. Developing a program helps me to measure the work, the program will besides give me or demo me the strength and failing which I have to supervise for farther development, due to which I can besides mensurate my work procedure. The failing and strength will steer me from where I have to acquire the strength. Well it is non merely required at starting of the work but need to alter from clip to clip. A well organised program will steer me what type of action to be taken and besides about the obstructions. Learning accomplishments and there development How program will back up to accomplish your end Resources needed to accomplish end Check point Time management-looking towards the program I need to be perfect on clip. Bettering my larning performance- acquisition is better but can be more better if I will better it. Problem work outing skill-problem should be solved on clip and on demand. Better usage of engineering Time direction will assist me to accomplish the argentine and besides I can judge that what I am making is on clip or non. It will assist me to larn the things which I need to develop for my program. Problems work outing accomplishment assist me to screen out the jobs coming in the program. It will assist in happening the things which are needed for program like the usage of cyberspace. Time Books, Money etc. Resources like computing machines, mention book, newspapers etc. 20th luciferOverviewMaking a personal development program is therefore non plenty as in order to do certain that all your marks are meet to the best of its abilities it is ever best to reexamine your ends. My personal development program gives an overview of what I am making and where I want to venture into the close hereafter. As a concern orientated individual myself I feel that the class that I am presently making will assist me derive a bridgehead within the direction sector of a well-established organisation. However even be aftering in front can ever hold its reverses, as they can be many hurdlings along the manner for me in order to carry through my set ends. Therefore in this portion of the assignment I will be analyzing my ends and detecting possible solutions which in clip will take me to my end calling aspirations of endeavoring into having and transporting out my ain concern in the close hereafter.Short Term AimsAs from the tabular array above it clearly illustrates that I have meet my short-run aims, which were non that easy as to do a determination upon. At first I had registered with the college supplier to transport out a ABE class, nevertheless I was non cognizant of what the class entailed me to make. This is due to the fact that the college booklets did n't give a full illustration towards the chief facets that need to be covered in the class, and therefore I felt that it would non be of good to my calling aspirations. Therefore when I came to UK I made an assignment with the installation staff member and discussed my programs, ends and what I am good at and what accomplishments I obtain. I went through the college classs with the staff member who so guided me into the BTEC class of Management surveies. Finding a right class for me was the extreme necessary measure for me, as I have to be comfy within my country of surveies. Therefore by choosing this class it gave me a degree of expertness within the country of concern that I want to restitute into in the close hereafter. Equally good as discoursing the class modules with the installation staff member I besides carried out my ain research by utilizing the cyberspace and researching the class and what and how it will be of good to me. Once I had decided I so had the obstructions of paying the fees although I had plenty I still had to pay a little sum more, for this I meet with the fiscal support staff within the college and decided upon a payment strategy which has proven to be constructive for me. As an abroad pupil at first it was difficult to accommodate to the milieus of a different civilized life environment. However by interacting with my fellow class members and by populating within the Halls of occupants I have a much greater acquaintance and have adapted rather good with the people and with the ambiance in UK. The co-workers help is much beneficial to me as they can assist me in doing friends and besides happening occupation by which I can acquire good money for transporting out my surveies. The local people populating here can steer me in a better manner and besides can assist me as in am new in this state here one can state the accomplishment like communicating assist me much for transporting out the aim.Average Term AimsThese aims are indispensable for me, presently I am seeking to run into all of my assessment deadlines and researching the appraisal standard ‘s to the best of my abilities. In order to do certain that I am transporting out my appraisals I use the cyberspace, newspaper articles and concern studies. All of which have been extremely utile to me when composing up my appraisals. Looking towards the undertaking of personal development program which I had made there is needed to get the better of certain obstructions, without which the program can non be in a proper sequence. Time direction skill-need to look into the undertaking and to rectify it when the program is traveling out of agenda. Questioning skill-need to inquiry in the group & A ; to discourse the subject, inquiry to our ego and to lecturer. By taking this class I have improved upon my organisational and clip maintaining accomplishments. Another obstruction that I have overcome is that as appraisals are set it is non ever easy to understand the chief range of what is required. Therefore I have made it my responsibility to inquire my lector when I am unsure of the undertakings that are set to me. This manner I gain a better apprehension and I am able to derive in-depth cognition from my lector upon the countries of the faculty that are hard for me. This shows that it is really of import and necessary to derive support within the academic field i.e. From your lectors when a trouble arises. Self-Developing skills-need to do to better by self-reviewing, by larning from the environment, rectifying the errors. Fiscal planning-this can be sorted out by looking toward the disbursals where I am disbursement and by better fiscal planning. Use of proper resources-this can be done by utilizing the resources in the mode how they are needed and in the proper manner this can be achieved by holding the proper cognition of the resources and besides of the program & A ; Keeping off the professional life from studies-not working more than required and in the holiday period merely. deadline. I can match this into my working life every bit good. As working in Primark, I have come across minor jobs such as covering with clients face to face who have minor jobs of get oning etc. To get the better of this I have learnt from my senior co-workers what other option we can give to the clients that can experience them comfort. I can state from above reappraisal that this obstructions are to be sorted out for a good PDP, to get the better of them the basic thing Is have to be is in a comfort zone ( our life manner, work and our societal environment in which we are customise ) .thus doing my program in a uninterrupted flow. The pupils with whom i am analyzing and the lector can assist me in finishing my surveies. They can be good in supplying me a proper usher line and besides in the understanding the subjects which are needed to finish my bathe supports from my co-workers and lector can assist me in finishing my program on clip. Sometime the deficiency of resources can be made taken from the co-workers like the usage of pressman or mention notes.Long Term AimsWhere do I see myself after this class is completed. Well my chief concern as of now is to finish my class with good consequences. My long-run aims are inter-linked with my consequences. As I plan to transport on with my educational development by transporting out my MBA in Management Studies. I am really interested within the concern field ; hence I feel that by transporting out an Master in business I will be able to derive good calling and occupation chances in UK. With such chances I can utilize my accomplishments that I gain from my academic and working background in UK to thrive within my ain state. As a practical individual I am ever interested in the field of running my ain concern, hence I plan to open my ain concern and run it harmonizing to my ain demands. The chief obstruction for this will be costs and the clip graduated table, which I will hold to prioritize with my ain personal life. Therefore I feel that one time I have settled down in life with a good occupation within the direction sector, so I can subsequently on in life develop my involvement in researching the running of my ain concern. In order to carry through my set ends and aspirations in the current and near future I plan to reexamine my action program every 6 months. This will give me a clear prospective of what I am carry throughing and what I need to accomplish within the continuance of clip. Therefore self-review is ever of import as it enables one to maintain in path of their ends and amend or adjust into extra fortunes that may originate. Bing a good director I have to be in communicating with the people for the selling and besides for other development in the concern. The support from market people for finance and the market had a good impact on the development of the concern. They can assist me from their experience and from the accomplishments they have. Bing a man of affairs on the footing of net income hey can besides back up me to acquire the better trades and chance in the market so I can stand in the market.

Empires and the Modern International System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 570 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? According to the article, Empires and the Modern International System, Austrian system, also known as Vienna System was one of the bidding systems which is highly conventional in the contract bridge game. The game was devised by Paul Stern, an Austrian player in 1935.   The Austrian system applied the Robertson count to analyze bridge hands.   The features of the Austria system were not its technique of hand evaluation, though it’s bidding structure.   New world order is the term has been used to make reference to the new period of history indicating a change in the balance of power world political thought. Despite the fact that this term is interpreted differently, it is related to the ideological view of world governance only in the perspective of collective efforts to understand, identify, or address global problems that are beyond the individual nations capacity to find a solution.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Empires and the Modern International System" essay for you Create order According to the article, growing out of   post- world War II tensions involving the two   nations, the cold war conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States   of America that  Ã‚   occurred during the   second half   of the 20th century  Ã‚   led to increased tensions , mutual suspensions   and  Ã‚   many   international occurrences that  Ã‚   led   the   world’s   superpowers   to   destructions. According to this article, scholars did not come into agreement over the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, which led to an end of the political conflict that arose from the political Reformations. Although the question that is being ignored is why did the introduction of new forms of political heterodoxy during the period of reformations led to violent activities and almost destroyed the old political order? The article attempt to evaluate the value that the concept of empire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   adds to the international relations study. The second objective is to find the effective way to study contemporaries’ empires, to know the factors to classify as empires.   Whether people considering of empires should focus on the mission, imperial structure, and purpose.   The third aim is to find ways of recognizing patterns of competition and cooperation among empires.   The article also focuses whether the contemporary manifestations of this empire exist in the absence of major conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   THESIS STATEMENT The article attempts to argue that China, United States of America, European Union and Russia walk, look and talk like empires[footnoteRef:4].   Nevertheless, this article has not impressed people working in the field of international relations. For some people, the concept of Westphalian state the remains a major unit of analysis. Other people find it impressive to use the terms like hegemony and great powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FACTS AND DATA The article come up with a model of the power system ideal balance by applying the fundamental concept that a  Ã‚   stable balance system indicates that there is no coalition or predominant actor. It is demonstrated that the primary motivation for involvement in a power system is a security in a universe where each country fears that they made up being on the losing side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SUGGESTIONS Under certain conditions of accurate information, such a power system would be stable only when the standard equality of power could be maintained, even by proper alignments with  Ã‚   neutral nations when necessary.   Under uncertainty conditions,  Ã‚   the practical aim will be stable deterrence which means trying to acquire power superior against the opponent.   In both the circumstances, a stable balance may be achieved only under certain conditions. The successful operation will be the same to the â€Å"balance holder† case.

Biological Hazards And Physical Hazards - 1051 Words

Heterodynamic Context Exogenous threats can shape stress responses across the lifespan, and influences the rate of aging (ES-2014-aging). Environmental stressors include any factors that cause cell injury, such as heavy metals, radiation, heat exposure, reactive oxygen species, osmotic fluctuation, as well as social and psychological stressors (ES-2014). These trigger the stress response and related behavioral pathways through neural networks and interconnected neurohormonal and immune patterns. The capacity of human beings to learn about, imagine, remember, and anticipate stressful situations and their warning signs can create chronic states of vigilant arousal in the body. Besides, there are multiple individual differences that make some people more vulnerable to stress, where the identical stimuli cause exaggerated stress responses (ES-2014). Gene-environment interactions in PD Because of the low heritability of PD, more studies focusing on environmental exposures about the PD mechanism (AH-2012). Researchers may focus on both chemical hazards and physical hazards (AH-2012). Exposure to environmental factors or mutations in PD-associated genes of patients may cause mitochondrial dysfunction that ultimately results in PD. All of these share common linkages and influence each other greatly. Limiting the early inflammatory response will reduce further both elevated oxidative stress and microglial activation that are key to slowing the death of the neurons in the SNpc.Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Hazards: Cultural, Biological, Physical and Chemical727 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Hazards: Cultural, Biological, Physical and Chemical An entirely different perspective is brought into focus as we consider some of the environmental hazards that accompany industrial growth and intensive agriculture. 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